Paratylenchus hamatus
Contents
Rev 10/04/2007
Paratylenchus hamatus |
Contents |
Rev 10/04/2007 |
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| Pin Nematode |
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Classification |
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Hosts |
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Morphology and Anatomy |
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Life Cycle |
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Economic Importance |
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Damage |
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Distribution |
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Management |
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Feeding |
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References |
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Tylenchida
Tylenchina
Criconematoidea
Tylenchulidae
Paratylenchinae
Paratylenchus hamatus Thorne and Allen, 1950
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Small plant-parasitic nematodes, 0.3mm long.
Females: Gravid female may swell anterior to vulva. Strong stylet, usually about 36 µm. Ovary single, outstretched. |
| Males: Reduced, with stylet reduced or absent, and probably do not feed. |
Europe and North America.
Widely distributed in California, but not usually found in cooler grape-growing regions.
Originally described from fig in soil samples taken by E.F. Serr near Planada, California (11 miles west of Merced) and sent to Gerald Thorne in Salt Lake City for diagnosis. From those samples, Thorne and Allen (1950) described both Xiphinema index and Paratylenchus hamatus.
Paratylenchus hamatus is apparently the most common species of pin nematode in woody perennials of California (Raski, 1975).
It can occur in abundance in vineyards free of other vegetation, but it is not associated with vine damage except when young grapevines have been planted into very high population levels.
Highest population levels of this nematode are often measured on the most vigorous vines and its presence appears to slow the build-up of other endo- and ectoparasites (Ferris and McKenry, 1975; Ferris et al., 1976).
Feeding of large numbers produced shallow, localized lesions on grape roots (Raski and Radewald, 1958).
Celery, figs, grapes, and peaches in the San Joaquin Valley of California.
It does not occur on Juglans spp.
Similar to P. neoamblycephalus, but has a different host range and there are differences in the life cycle of the male.
Associated with crop decline in figs (Allen), but a positive correlation with vigor has been observed in grape and peach (Ferris and McKenry). McKenry has suggested that P.hamatus may have an antagonistic or competitive relationship with Criconemoides xenoplax - in recent field experiments (1998-90) soil around peach roots was inoculated with P. hamatus after fumigation, but results were not convincing.
This nematode also causes damage to celery in North Eastern U.S. and the Netherlands; can also deform carrots.
(Raski, 1975).
Ferris and McKenry, 1975
Ferris et al., 1976
Raski and Radewald, 1958.
Thorne, G. and M.W. Allen. (1950) Paratylenchus hamatus n. sp. and Xiphinema index n.sp., two nematodes associated with fig roots, and a note on Paratylenchus anceps. Proc. Helminth. Soc. Wash 17:27-35.
