Heterodera goldeni
Contents
Rev 02/21/2008
Heterodera goldeni |
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Rev 02/21/2008 |
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Classification |
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Hosts | |
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Morphology and Anatomy |
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Life Cycle |
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Economic Importance |
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Damage |
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Distribution |
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Management |
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Feeding | ||
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Tylenchida
Tylenchina
Tylenchoidea
Heteroderidae
Heteroderinae
Heterodera goldeni Handoo and Ibrahim, 2002
Heterodera goldeni is one of three species of the genus that comprise the "sacchari group" The others are H. sacchari and H. goldeni. The three species have lemon-shaped cysts, are ambifenestrate, and have finger-like bullae projecting from the underbridge of the vulval cone (Tanha Maafi et al., 2007).
According to our present knowledge, H. sacchari is definitely present in tropical Africa, H. goldeni is found in the middle east and H. leuceilyma occurs in the subtropical south-east of North America. The species identity of H. sacchari records from other Asian countries, as well as from Trinidad, West Indies, may need confirmation (Tanha Maafi et al., 2007).
Iran, Israel, Egypt (Tanha Maafi et al., 2007).
Heterodera goldeni was originally described from Alexandria, Egypt (Handoo & Ibrahim, 2002). Three populations from Iran were found along the coast of the Caspian Sea at Nashtaroud, Mazandaran province, and at Bashman and Bandar Anzali, Gilan province (Tanha Tanha Maafi, 2002). The species was also identified at an additional coastal site west, and another east, of Bandar Anzali and on the coast east of Tonekabon, Mazandaran province (Sturhan, unpubl.). The soil at all sites was sandy (Tanha Maafi et al., 2007).
The population from Israel was collected at Arava in the south of the country and the species was also identified from two sites 10 km and 20 km north of Tel Aviv. All records are from light soils (Tanha Maafi et al., 2007).
Feeding site establishment and development typical of genus.
In Israel, H. goldeni was found around Pennisetum clandestinum and was reared on this plant in the glasshouse. In Egypt it was associated with Panicum coloratum whereas in Iran it was found on common reed, Phragmites australis, and in the rhizosphere of Juncus acutus and various unidentified Poaceae and Juncaceae.
The population from Gilan (Bashman) successfully multiplied on sugarcane ratoons after 2 months (Tanha Maafi et al., 2007).
HANDOO, Z.A. & IBRAHIM, I.K.A. (2002). Description and SEM observations of a new species of cyst nematode
Heterodera goldeni (Nematoda: Heteroderidae) attacking Panicum coloratum in Egypt. Journal of Nematology 34, 312-318.Tanha Maafi, Z.T., STURHAN, D., HANDOO, Z., MOR, M., MOENS, M. & SUBBOTIN, S.A. (2005). Morphological and molecular characterisation of
Heterodera sacchari Luc & Merny, 1963 and H. goldeni Handoo & Ibrahim, 2002 (Nematoda: Heteroderidae). Russian Journal of Nematology 13, 152-153.TANHA MAAFI, Z. (2002).
Morphological and molecular identification of cyst-forming nematodes from Iran. Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Gent, Belgium, 237 pp.TANHA MAAFI, Z, SUBBOTIN, S.A. & MOENS, M. (2003). Molecular identification of cyst-forming nematodes (Heteroderidae) from Iran and a phylogeny based on ITS-rDNA sequences.
Nematology 5, 99-111.TANHA MAAFI, Z., STURHAN, D., HANDOO, Z., MOR, M., MOENS , M. SUBBOTIN, S.A.. 2007. Morphological and molecular studies on Heterodera sacchari, H. goldeni and H. leuceilyma (Nematoda: Heteroderidae). Nematology 9: 483-497.