Helicotylenchus multicinctus
Contents
Rev 12/06/2012
Helicotylenchus multicinctus |
Contents |
Rev 12/06/2012 |
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| Spiral Nematode |
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Classification |
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Hosts |
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Morphology and Anatomy |
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Life Cycle |
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Economic Importance |
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Damage |
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Distribution |
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Management |
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Feeding |
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References |
Tylenchina
Tylenchoidea
Hoplolaimidae
Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb, 1893) Golden, 1956
Synonyms:
Tylenchus multicinctus Cobb, 1893
Tylenchorhynchus multicinctus (Cobb) Micoletzky, 1922
Anguillulina multicincta (Cobb) Goodey,
1932
Rotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb) Filipjev,
1936
Rotylenchus iperoiguensis Carvalho, 1956
Helicotylenchus iperoiguensis (Carvalho)
Andrássy, 1958
 A,B,C = "spiral" configuration of relaxed adults; G,H = male tails; I,J = female tails |
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Female:
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Male:
[Ref: CIH Descriptions of Plant-parasitic Nematodes, Set 2, No. 23 (1973)]
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World-wide on banana; all banana plantations in Israel are said to be infested. In South Africa, the nematode is regarded as a common pest on the roots of banana and pineapple.
The absence of H. multicinctus from semi-arid tropics of West Africa
has been ascribed to the adverse effects of high soil temperature on
multiplication rate and low survival rate after soil desiccation during the dry
season (Baujard and Martiny, 1995).
A major pest of bananas.
Nematode is a major pest of banana in Israel, Ivory Coast and caneroon in west Africa, and all of Central America.
Ecto- and semi-endoparasite in outer cortex.
Blake (1966) observed that within 36 hours of inoculation of banana roots,
some adult nematodes were partly embedded in the roots and apparently feeding
upon the parenchymatous cells; after 4 days, they were completely buried within
the cortex, sometimes to a depth of 4 to 6 cells. The cells in the
vicinity of the nematode head had distorted and ruptured walls, contracted
cytoplasm, and enlarged nuclei. Such cells, as well as those associated
with the eggs, were often discolored and/or necrotic.
Banana, cocoa, sugarcane, coffee, corn, tea, and others.
For an extensive list of host plant species and their susceptibility, copy the name
Helicotylenchus multicinctus
select Nemabase and paste the name in the Genus and species box
The species is bisexual and reproduces by cross-fertilization or amphimixis.
The nematodes easily get introduced into virgin land with banana soil and rhizomes, usually brought from old, infested plantations.
The nematodes can survive 4 months without host plants, but is less resistant to desiccation than H. dihystera (Baujard and Martin, 1995).
All stages of the nematode may be found within roots and, perhaps, the entire life cycle is completed there, but there is no evidence of nematode migration through the cortex.
Groups of 8-26 eggs were observed in discolored cortical tissues; 48-51 hours were needed for the newly laid eggs to hatch in tapwater at 30 C, and the first molt is believed to take place outside the eggs shortly after hatching.
The second stage juveniles are recognized by their ventral digitate tail process.
The female gonad primordium is 2- and 6-celled in the early third-stage juveniles and at the third molt, respectively. During the fourth molt, the male and female gonads complete their development, and the vulva and vagina are seen in females still within the fourth stage larval cuticle (Zuckerman & Strich-Harari, 1964).
[Ref: CIH Descriptions of Plant-parasitic Nematodes, Set 2, No. 23 (1973)]
Nematode produces necrotic lesions on roots.
Yield of infested banana plants declines to an unacceptable level after three years. Components of loss include toppling, reduced fruit size and variability, delayed maturity, missed markets (ref Queneherve).
Banana rhizomes can be peeled and dipped in water for 20 min at 55 C or, in the past, were dipped in DBCP solution.
"Flood fallowing" has been used in Surinam to rehabilitate old (infected) banana plantations.
Injection of DBCP into the soil as a 1:3 water solution at a depth of 20 cm in two circles, 15 and 50 cm from the pseudostems of banana plants was effective. When used as a drench with irrigation water, DBCP gave good control when the soil did not contain a large proportion of heavy clay.
Paring and pralinage in India. Cut off diseased tissue and coat rhizome with nematicide-soaked mud (e.g., furadan) for a few days before planting (note: pralines are chocolate-coated candies).
Modern techniques of micro-propagation in tissue culture in industrial banana production systems provide nematode-free plantlets for plantation establishment.
Tactics for Banana:
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Lesions on pared banana rhizome |
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Peeled banana corms soaking in nematicide solution for control of migratory endoparasitic nematodes. |
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| Tissue culture production system for producing nematode-free banana plants (Photograph by Luis Pocasangre) | |
A healthy plantation may remain productive for up to 20 years; an infested one for only 2 or 3 years. Thus, there is considerable economic benefit to management.
Host Plant Resistance, Non-hosts and Crop Rotation alternatives:
For a list of plant species or cultivars (if any) reported to be immune or to have some level of resistance to this nematode species, copy the name
Helicotylenchus multicinctus
select Nemabase Resistance Search and paste the name in the Genus and species box
Baujard, P. and B. Martiny. 1995. Ecology and pathogenicity of the Hoplolaimidae (Nemata) from the sahelian zone of West Africa: 7. Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb, 1893) Sher, 1961 and comparison with Helicotylenchus multicinctus (Cobb, 1893) Golden, 1956. Fundamental and Applied Nematology 18: 503-511.
CIH Descriptions of Plant-parasitic Nematodes, Set 2, No. 23 (1973)